Demographic Pressure and Growing Unrest
 Shrinking white population
 Growing black population
  Concentration in urban areas 
   Political mobilization
 United Democratic Front (UDF) formed in 1983
  United trade unions and different ethnicities
  Increased protests, strikes, boycotts
  1988 UDF and trade union ban
   African National Congress (ANC) guerilla warfare
Economic Decline
 Economic stagnation indicates apartheid's downfall
 Noncompetitive industries and services
  Racial favoritism and job protection = no efficiency, development
International Pressure
 Foreign embargoes on S. Africa
 End of Cold War weakens legitimacy
  No more "communist insurgency"
Skilled Leadership
 de Klerk
  Reforms
   x Reservation of Separate Amenities, x Group Areas, x Population Registration  
  Forces PM Botha to resign
  Frees Mandela
  Legalizes the ANC
 Nelson Mandela
  Interim constitution in 1993
  Democratic elections and majority rule in 1994